Human anatomy and physiology-1st topic - sensory organe

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           ✯ Unit - 4th✯

              ☆ Special senses☆

✷ Sensory organe are those receptor organe which receive the stimulus and send signal to brain.

✷ There are basically 5 sensory organe are present in our body and each organe recieve different stimulus.

(a.) Nose → smell 
(b.) Ear → sound 
(c .) Skin → touch 
(d.) Eye → vision 
(e.) Tongue → taste 

                           ☆Tongue ☆

✷ Tongue is a smooth muscular elastic organ which is  present in mouth cavity and hanged from throat region and freelly movable.

✷ It recieves the signal of taste or gustation and sends tothe brain.

✷  It is identified basically mainly 4 type of taste 
( Sweet , saline , sour , bitter and one new taste unami)


✷  The tongue is made up of smooth muscular connective tissue and it is lined with stratified epithelium tissue.

✷ In the upper layer of tongue small pores are present known as papillae  and inside the papillae many small taste buds are present.

✷ These taste buds are connected with brain through cranial nerves.

◍ In Tongue basically four types of taste buds are present—

1. Filliform— smallest & circular
2. Fungiform— Mushroom shaped
3. Folliate— leaf shaped 
4. Circumvallate — largest & circular shaped.

◍Physiology of taste —

✷ When the food particles are dissolve in saliva then it reach into the papillae.

✷ And then with the help of cranial nerves identify the taste with memory.

                             👁️ Eye 👁️

✷ One pair of eye is located in eye orbit in face .

✷  Eye is an another sensory organe , which helps in vision.

✷ In the structure of eye different parts are present such as lens , pupil, iris, cilliary muscle , eyelid and eyebrows.




◍Anatomy of eye ; 

☆ The structure of eye is made up of 3 layer—
a. Schlera→ outermost 
b. Choroid → middle
c. Retina → Inner most 

✷ At the place where these all nerves are absent is called blind spot & yellow spot.

✷ The retina layer form pupils & lens in fronts direction and it is the most sensitive layer.

☆ The retina is made by 3 layer;
1. Ganglionic cell layer 
2. Bipolar cell layer 
3. Photoreceptor cell layer

✷ The photoreceptor layer is made up of 2 types of cells — Rod & cone cell.

✷ Rod cell is responsible for black & white vision and the cone cell is responsible colour vision.


✷ The choroid is the middle layer and infront they form cilliary muscle & iris.

✷ Iris decides the colour of eye.

✷ Schlera is the outermost layer and it forms chornea is front of eye and it is vascular layer.

✷  Conjunctivitive is a transparent, a vascular and protecting layer.

✷ The orbit of eye is divided into 2 chambers in which two different fluids are filled.
1. Vitreous chamber→ between lens and retina → vitreous 
2. Aqueous chamber→ Between lens and cornea → Aqueous humer.


◍Physiology of vision ; 

          Lens click the picture of objects
                                    ↓
    The image of objects is made on retina
                                     ↓
  The signal received by rod and cone cell
                                      ↓
The rhodopsin pigment of rod and cone cell is break into retinol and opsin and impulse is generated and send to the brain by optics nerves.

                       👂 Ear 👂

✷. One pair of ear is present in human skull which perform two function in body identification of sound and maintain equilibrium in body.

☆ the structure of ear can be divided into three parts;
a. External ear
b.  Middle ear
c.  Internal ear

✯External ear—

✷   Ear pinna is only external part of ear which is made of cartilage.

✷ The main function of ear pinna to receive sound vibration and send into middle ear.

✯ Middle ear —

✷ In middle ear a along Bony cavity in present which is known as tympanic cavity.

✷ At the inner side of tympanic cavity tympanic  membrane is present which inhibit the dust particle to enter into the ear .

✷ On tympanic membrane subbaceuris gland  is present which release erumin wax  and provide strength to.

✷ At the end side of middle ear ossicles are present which amplifier the found vibration.

a. Mallus
b. Incus 
c. Stapus


✯ The middle ear open into internal ear by 2 opening—
a. Fenistra ovalis —oval shape
b. Fenistra rotundus — squre / rectangle.

✯Internal ear —

✷ In internal ear _  two parts are present—
a. Venstibular apparatus
b. Choclea

✷  In internal structure choclea a Bony .

✷ Lybrynth structure is present in which reissner membrane & basilar membrane in present and inside this liquid perilymph is filled.

✷ On the surface of basilar membrane organe of carti is present on sensory hairs are present.




                                   Thankyou






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