B.pharm 2nd semester topic- Nucleic acid

-

                - Nucleic acid

• Nucleic acid is an important class of macromolecules found in all cells and viruses.

 The function of Nucleic acid -"the storage and expression of genetic information".

Nucleic acid is information carrying- molecules of the cell,
Nucleic acid, naturally Occurring- chemical compound.
• that is capable of being broken down to yield  phosphoric acid sugar and a mixture of organic bases (purine and pyrimidine).

The two main classes of nucleic acid;

1. DNA( Deoxyribonucleic acid)
2. RNA( Ribonucleic acid 

 Basic structure;

• Nucleic acid a polynucleotide that is long chain like molecule composed of a series of nearly identical building blocks called nucleotide.
• nucleotide consists of pentose (5 carbon) sugar phosphate group possible nitrogen containing bases adenine, guanine ,cytosine,  thymine and Uracil.

•Adenine and guanine are categorised are purines

•Cytosine thymine and uracil are collectively called pyrimidine.

• Adenine, cytosine and guanine,thymine is found only in DNA, while Uracil is found in RNA.
• The pentose sugar in DNA differ from the sugar in RNA by the absence of a hydroxyl group (-OH) on the 2 carbon of the sugar ring.
• Nucleotide are main precursors in the cell.

DNA( Deoxyribonucleic acid);

• DNA is the genetic blueprint of a living organisms in which all information is stored.
• It has a distinctive double- helix form which is nearly 20Å in diameter.
•DNA is found primarily in the nucleus.
• The most important constituent of chromosomes.
• DNA is a polymer of nucleotide containing 2- deoxyribose sugar .
• Adenine always pairs with Thymine through two hydrogen bonds , and Guanine always pairs with Cytosine through 3 hydrogen bonds.
• DNA has a double-strand helical structure.

RNA-( Ribonucleic acid)

• Adenine, guanine, uracil and cytosine .
• RNA is found in every type of cell.
• It is essential for the production via the replication of genetic information .
• RNA is not associated with the double- helix structure of DNA.

RNA types

• Messenger RNA( mRNA)- molecules carry the coding sequence for protein synthesis and are called transcripts.

• Transfer RNA ( tRNA)- molecules carry amino acid to the ribosomes during protein synthesis.

• Ribosomal RNA ( rRNA)- molecules form the core of a cells ribosomes.

• non- coding RNA ( ncRNA)- function to regulate gene expression at the transcription and poat- transcriptional level.














Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Pharmaceutical engineering || Manometer

-
Image
        ★ Manometer★ • It is a device of instrument which is Used to measure pressure difference. Types of manometer- 1. Simple manometer a. U tube manometer b. Piezometer c. Single column manometer 2. Differential manometer a. U tube differential manometer b. Inverted U-tube differential manometer Simple manometer-; Simple manometer are made up glass tubes one end of those remain open to the atmosphere and the other hand are collected to the point were pressure to be measure. Principle-; • It were one of the principle of hydrostatic equilibrium and is used for measuring pressure ( static pressure). • Exceded by a stil liquid or gas hydrostatic equilibrium state that the pressure at any point in a fluid at rest is equal and it's value is just the weight of the over living Fluids. • The manometer is the simplest instrument for gauge pressure low range pressure instrument alaning the pressure against the weight of a coloum In liquid. • The action of are manometer depen...
Read more

B.pharma 1st semester Notes pharmaceutical analysis unit - 4th- Redox Titrations

-
Image
          //  Redox Titrations \\ • A Redox titration is a type of titration in which titrant and titrand react through and oxidation reduction reaction. • The end point of a Redox titration is detected by using indicators. Principles of Redox titration; Reduction—  • The subtances  can undergo reduction by followin. • The addition of hydrogen. •The removal of oxygen. • The acceptance of electrons. Example- fe³+→fe ²+  Oxidation— • Addition of oxygen. • Removal of hydrogen. • Loss/ donation of electrons. Example- fe²+ → fe³+ Oxidising agents;  •An oxidising agent is a chemical species that causes that other reactant in a redox reaction to be oxidized, and it is always reduced in the process. Example- Ag + , O², O³
Read more

Diabetes mellitus short notes -

-
               ;Diabetes mellitus; • Carbohydrate body turns it into a sugar called glucose and sends that to your bloodstream. • pancreas release insuline  Type 1 diabetes; • It's an autoimmune disease. • 10 % of people who have diabetes have type 1. • It was once better known as" Juvenile" diabetes • It is also called insulin dependent diabetes. Type 2 diabetes; • 95% of people have type 2 diabetes.   Symptoms of diabetes; • Increase thirst  • Weak, tired feeling. • Blurred vision . • Number or tingling in the hand or feet. • slow - healing sores or cuts. • unplanned weight loss. • Frequent urination. • Frequent unexplained infection. • Dry mouth  Treatment; • Diuretic • Drugs that ↑ insulin production. • Drugs that ↑ sugar absorption. • Nutritional & meal time. • Exercise, reduced stress. • Quit smoke& alcohol.
Read more