Electron transport chain(ETC) and it's mechanism biochemistry

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         ETC and it's mechanism

Introduction:

It's on Exergonic chain system of molecules through which electron are transferred to form ATP  . 

The second step of cellular respiration, the citric acid cycle occurs in the cytoplasm followed by the 1st step of cellular respiration is glycolysis, which occurs in the cytoplasm followed by the mitochondrial matrix and ETC is the final step of aerobic cellular respiration which uses atmospheric oxygen .

It has an important role in photosynthesis.it uses the electron from electron carriers and is used to power oxidative phosphorylation. This chain includes a series of protein complexes and organic molecules most of them are organised into four large complexes labelled 1 to 4th .

Mechanism:


Various metabolic intermediate are transferred to NAD* and FAD coenzyme to produce NADH and FADH² respectively, because all the electron that enter water mitochondria are known as power house of the cell. Because all the metabolic oxidative reaction take place in mitochondria to produce reduce coenzyme NADH and FADH². They utilized ETC and produce ATP as a source of energy.

Complex 1st ( NADH—Q reductase):

The complex 1st is composed of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and an enzyme containing iron - sulphur ( Fe- S ) NADH transfer two electron to complex 1st resulting in four H+ ion being pumped across the inner membrane NADH is oxidised to NAD+ which is recycled back into the Krebs cycle electron are transferred from complex 1st to a carrier molecules ubiquinone (Q) , which is reduced to ubiquinol (QH²).

Complex 2nd ( succinate Q reductase):

 • the complex 2nd directly receives FADH² without pass through complex 1st .
• FADH² transfer electron to complex 2nd and the electron are passed catalysed electron transfer from succinate to flavin and carries electron to complex 3rd Na , H+ ion are transported to the intermembrane space and no ATP is generate in this process.

Complex 3rd( cytochrome reductase):

 • The complex of cytochrome b, another Fe - S protein, Risks center (2Fe- 2S) and cytochrome C protein this complex is also called cytochrome oxidoreductase .
• The passage of electron to complex and electron are passed from coenzyme Q to cytochrome C .

Complex 4th ( cytochrome oxidase):

• The complex is composed of cytochrome protein C,a and a³.
• It's contain two heme group ( one in each of the cytochrome a and a³) and three copper ion ( A pair of CuA and one Cub in cytochrome a³) cytochrome.
• C passes electron to the final protein complex in the chain . Two H+ ion pumped across the inner membrane are the passed to an oxygen (O²) molecule ,. Causing the molecules to split and to form two molecules of water.

ATP synthesis; 

• ATP synthase moves H+ ions back into the matrix and the energy is used to generate ATP by the phosphorylation of ADP.
• The movement of ion across the electively permeable mitochondrial membrane from higher to lower concentrations is known as chemiosmosi .


                                 Thankyou















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