B.pharm Important topic

Inflammation -;  ★  It is immune system response to harmful stimuli . Such as - pathogens, damaged cells , toxic compounds, or irradiation and acts by removing injurious stimuli & initiating the healing process. ★ It is defense mechanism for body. ★  Inflammation infection from outside invaders such as bacteria & viruses. Two types of inflammation—  A. Acute   B. Chronic Acute Inflammation-;  ★ The acute inflammation have injury or illness. ★  There are five key sign of acute inflammation. 1. Pain -; ★ This may occur only when a person touch the affected area . 2. Redness-; ★ An increase in blood supply to the cappilaries in the area. 3. Loss of function-; ★ There may be difficulty in moving to joints, sensing smell. 4. Edema -;  ★ If fluid accumulated in area edema caused. 5. Heat -;  ★ Increased blood flow to affected area leads to increased temperature & warm to touch. ◍ person feel tired , unwell and fever. ◍ Acute inflammatio...

   (Biomolecules, carbohydrates) Biomolecules-; ★ Biomolecules are the most essential organic molecules '' which are involve the maintain metabolism process are living organisms ". In a simplified with the biomolecules are those molecules which are present in the living system It is the basic unit of living system in a cell.         Cell composed of ( various molecules)  1. Organic.                            2. Inorganic Consist of.                    Composed of essential C, H, N , O ,S                 Mineral and vitamins • Carbohydrates        Ex- Ca , Mg , Fe , I , K, Cu,  • protein.                              Mn , Zn etc. • Lipid/ fat.             Vi...

          Flow of fluids ★ May be definds as it is behaviour of fluids (liquid, gas). Which flow in open condition that do not permanently resist destortion. Manometer-; ★ It is a device of instrument which is used to measure pressure difference. Types of manometer-  (1.) Simple manometer (a.) U tube manometer (b.) Piezometer (c.) Single column manometer •     Verticle single column manometer •      Inclined single column manometer (2.) Differential manometer (a.) U tube differential manometer (b.) Inverted U- tube differential manometer Simple manometer-; Simple manometer are made up glass tubes . One end of those remain open to the atmosphere and the other hand are collected to the point were pressure to be measure. Principle-; ★ It were one of the principle of hydrostatic equilibrium and is used for measuring pressure ( static pressure).  ★ Exceded by a stil liquid or gas , hydrostatic equilibrium state that the pressur...

      ✯Acid and base✯ Acid - Greek word "Acere"  → Sour ★ It produced hydrogen ion in water. ★ Have a sour taste. ★ It breakdown metals , crod metal . ★ It is pH value less than 7 . ★ It turns blue litmus paper to red in colour. ★ It deserve in water to form solution which conduct electricity. ★ It is reaction with bases to for salts and water. ★ Lower pH value indicate a stronger acid . Example — Hydrochloric acid, Sulphuric acid, acetic acid, citric acid etc. Bases-; ★ It produces OH¯ in water. ★ It is bitter in taste. ★ It feel soapy in touch, sleepery. ★ It react with acids to for salt and water. ★ It pH value is 7 to 14. ★ Hayer pH value indicate stronger base. ★ Alkali a base that is soluble in water. Example- NaOH  , KOH , MgOH , Ca(OH)₂ Acid-base indicator-; Acid base indicator in a compound that will change colour in the presion of acids and bases  Litmus paper— Litmus is a plant extract that can be blue or red ( pink) . Litmus turns red in acidic ...