Biochemistry || Topic- Biomolecules

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   (Biomolecules, carbohydrates)

Biomolecules-;

★ Biomolecules are the most essential organic molecules ''which are involve the maintain metabolism process are living organisms".
In a simplified with the biomolecules are those molecules which are present in the living system It is the basic unit of living system in a cell.

       Cell composed of ( various molecules)

 1. Organic.                            2. Inorganic
Consist of.                    Composed of essential
C, H, N , O ,S                 Mineral and vitamins
• Carbohydrates        Ex- Ca , Mg , Fe , I , K, Cu, 
• protein.                              Mn , Zn etc.
• Lipid/ fat.             Vitamin— A, B , C, D , E, K
• Nucleic acid
• enzyme 

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Alimentary composition of molecules are -;
C (50%) , O (20% ) , H ( 10% ) , N(8.5%) , p( 2.5%) , S(.8%).

Characteristic of biomolecules-;
1. Most of the biomoles are organic in nature .
2. They have characteristic shape and size 3D structural.
3. Functional group present in biomolecules responsible for chemical natural .
4. Structure of biomolecules are a symteric in nature .
5. They range from smaller molecules to larger molecules.

Classification of biomolecules-;
(1.) Micromolecules
a. Small size - molecular wt. 18- 800/ below 1000 dolton
(2.) Macromolecules
b. Large size - above 1000 dolton

Carbohydrates-;

• Carbohydrates are come in a category of micromolecules it is mainly composed of carbon hydrogen and oxygen it is the in essential unit includes, sugar fiber and Starch.
• They are found in fruit, vegetable, milk and other dairy product. 
• Carbohydrates are basic food group which are important are healthy life after digestion they converted into glucose or blood sugar carbohydrates are considered as hydrated of carbon there imperical  formula in [ C(H₂O) ] .

• The ratio of C, H and O will be 1:2:1 carbohydrates may be defined as they are polyhydroxy aldihyde are polyhydroxy kitones.

Classification of Carbohydrates-:
This classification based on no. of sugar unit —

1. Monosacharides - ( 1 sugar unit) 
2. Disaccharides - ( 2 sugar unit)
3. Oligosaccharides- ( 3- 8 sugar unit)
4. Polysaccharide- ( more than 8 sugar unit) 

Monosacharides— It is most basic or simple of from Carbohydrates.
They are sweet in a taste soluble in water they have only one sugar unit and consided as sugar
According to presence of functional group it is two types . Crystalline in nature .
1. Aldoses 
2. Kitoses

Ex- Glucose,  fructose 

Disaccharides— When two monosacharides are combined they from disaccharides are non reducing in nature accept maltose .
Ex- Sucrose, lactose

Oligosaccharides— When 3- 8 monomer ars combined oligosaccharides are formed.
Ex- Trysaccharides , tetra saccharides to octa saccharides .
Maltotrilose, maltotetrose 

Polysaccharide — polysaccharide consists of more than 4 monomer unit .
Ex- starch amylase, cellulose , glycogen etc.

                        

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