Pharmaceutical inorganic chemistry-1 || Dental products

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    ✯Dental products✯

The poor dental health is a very common problem in our countries  it is due to ignorance, illiteracy & habits of chewing betel leaf, tobacco & pan masala.
Tooth consist of three layer of calcified tissues.

1. Enamel— It is a white outer most ,hard covering present on the tooth projecting above the gum . It contains 98% of mineral & is very dense.

2.Cementum— It is the portion of tooth which is fixed in the gums & are not seen from out sides . It's a bone like structure.

3. Dentine — It is the main pulp cavity present in entire tooth . It consists 75% mineral. It is hard and dense .

The common problem associated with tooth are the formation of cavities, cleaning of tooth & reduction of shining over tooth .
These problem are over come by use of anticarries agents dentifrices & polishing agent.

Components of tooth paste-;

1. Abrasive ( remove stain) 
2. Humectant
3. Water
4. Binder , detergents
5. Flavouring and preservative agent
6. Therapeutic agents.

Anticarries agents-;

★ The problem of carries is associated with the diet of the people consuming high fermentable carbohydrates.
★ Carries occurs due to the action of lactic acid obtained from bacterial metabolism of dietary carbohydrates.
★ The build up of plaque over the tooth surface helps in decay & formation of cavities.
In these cavities food particles are degraded by bacteria present in mouth .

★ Brushing of tooth prevent lodging of food & maintain hygienic teeth.

★  Fluorides are brushed with other agents which helps is preventing carries . The use of Fluorides solution as internal Solution as well as absorbed in gastrointestinal tract & also effective as anticarries, but excess Fluorides are deposited in bone or developing dental Fluorosis ( mottled enamel).
These Fluorides acts by either bacterial inhibition or by decreasing acid Solubility of enamel.
★ Only 1ppm Fluoride in drinking water is recommended for anticarries activity.
Sodium fluoride & stannous Fluoride are incorporated in pure drinking water to achieve Fluoride level of 1 ppm.

Sodium fluoride-;

Chemical formula- NaF
Molecular weight- 41.99

Standards-— It contains not less than 98.5%& not more than 100.5% of NaF with reference to dried substance. 

Preparation-;
1. It is prepared by treatment of hydrofluoric acid with sodium carbonate in lead container.

2HF   +     Na₂CO₃   →   2NF   +    H₂O   + CO₂
Hydrofluoric
acid

(2.) 
  CaF₂    +    Na₂CO₃    →   2NaF    +    CaCO₃ 
Calcium
Fluoride

Physical properties-;
• It is colourless crystal or white powder and odourless.
• Soluble in water & insoluble in ethanol (95%).

Purity test-;
• Test for acidity or alkalinity .The boiling solution of NaF is titrated with 0.1M NaOH until red colour is produced.Not more than 1.5 N of 0.1M NaOH is required.

Storage-; stored in air tight container.

Uses— used in the treatment of prophylaxis of dental Carries in communities where the intake of Fluoride from drinking water & food in minimum.
NaF is used as a constituent of some insecticide & rhodenticides.

Stannous Fluoride-;

Chemical formula- SnF₂
Molecular weight— 156.69

Preparation— 
1. It's prepared by evaporating a solution of stannous oxide with hydrofluoric acid in absence of O₂.
 
SnO    +  2HF       →    SnF₂   +   H₂O

Physical properties— 

★ Colourless or white crystalline powder.
★ Bitter or unpleasant taste .
★ freely soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol & chloroform.

Chemical properties-;

(1. )
SnF₂  + 2H₂O     →   Sn(OH)₂  +   2HF
                                    Stannous
                                            Hydroxide
(2. )
SnF₂    +   [O]    →   SnOF₂
                                 Stannous oxy fluorides 
(3. )

SnF₂   +   [O]     →    SnF₄     + SnO

                                   
Uses-; 
It is used topically it is used for the prevention of carries & seems to be superior to NaF it has simple application & greater effectiveness.

Dentifrices-;

★ It is also called cleaning agent. These agents are generally coarse to fine powder with abrasive property.
★ The abrasive should be evaluated with respect to removal of stain from tooth .
★ These agents are mixed with detergents or soap or surface ion & flavouring agents.
These agents are used as ointment & powder odour.
Thickning agents like acacia, trogacanth , starch & cellulose are added.
★ The dentifrices also used with polishing agent. They decrease hypersensitivity of tooth.

★ It is also used to treat sensitivity of hot & cold conditions.


                          









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