Pharmaceutical inorganic chemistry- 1st || Respiratory stimulus || Antidotes || Expectorant

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Calcium carbonate -;

Chemical formula- CaCO₃
Molecular weight - 100.09
Synonyms - cacl cord , Precipitated chalk.

Preparation-;

1. When boiling solution of sodium carbonate is added with CaCl₂ then ppt. of CaCO₃ is formed the ppt is washed filtered & dried.

Na₂CO₃   +    CaCl₂     →     2NaCl     +    CaCO₃
( Sodium                                                   ( Calcium 
Carbonate)                                              carbonate)

2. Carbon dioxide gas passes through lime water , a mainly ppt. of CaCO₃ formed.

CO₂     +     Ca(OH)₂      →  CaCO₃    + H₂O
                                             ( Calcium
                                              Carbonate)

Physical properties-;
★ It is white , odourless,very slightly soluble in water but solubility increased by CO₂ .

Chemical properties-;
1.   
CaCO₃    +   CO₂   + H₂O  → Ca(HCO₃)₂
                                                  (Calcium                                                                            bicarbonate)
2. 
CaCO₃   +   2HCl    →     CaCl₂      +   H₂O  +  CO₂

Purity test-;
(1.) For Barium— 2.6 gm of substance + 10ml dilute acetic acid → boil & + 10ml calcium sulphate Solution→ solution remain clear.

Storage— In well closed container.
Uses— It is very good dentifrices because mild abrasive quality also used as antacid.

Sodium metaphosphate-;

Chemical formula— NaPO₃
Molecular weight— 102
Synonyms— Madrell's salt

Physical properties-;
★ It is white, odourless, insoluble in water but Soluble in mineral salts.
 
Storage- In well closed container.
Uses- As good abrasive, cleaning, polishing agent detergent.

Zinc chloride-;

Chemical formula- ZnCl₂
Molecular weight- 136.29

Preparation—
 
Zn    +   2HCl   →   ZnCl₂
                                Zinc chloride
Physical properties-; 
★ White crystalline powder.
★ Odourless
★ Deliquescent
★ Very soluble in water & freely soluble in 95% ethanol & glycerine.

Storage- Tightly closed non metallic container.
Uses- As antiseptic, astringent & also used as mouth washes & ulcer . A 10% solution used as disensitizer for teeth.

Respiratory stimulants -;

★ These types of agents have a reflex action on the patient taken sudden deep breath.
★ These are used in case of unconscious or fainted person.
★ Common respiratory stimulant used are aromatic spirits of ammonia, strong ammonia, CO₂ & O₂ .

Ammonium carbonate—

Chemical formula- (NH₄)₂CO₃ 
Molecular weight- 96.06

Physical properties-
★ It is translucent ( transparent crystalline substance, containing ammonical odour & taste . On exposure to air become porous lumps or white powder.
★ freely soluble in water & partly Soluble in alcohol.

Storage— stored in air tight container in cool place.
Uses— It is irritant to respiratory mucous membrane also used as leavening agent & photography lens cleaner .

Antidotes -;

★ A substance which produces disease or death or I'll health Is called poision. The acute poisoning may be accidental, occupational,self medication, suicidal or criminal .

★ Antidotes are those agent which produces opposite physiological action or complex or prevent absorption of poison in body fluids.

Antidotes are classified as their mode of action; 

1. Chemical antidotes- These types of agents combines with poison & changes poisonous behaviour of the compound.
Ex- Sodium thiosulphate combine with toxic cyanide ion to form non- toxic thiocyanide.

2. Physiological antidotes - These types of agents produces opposite effect of that of poison or neutralized the effect of poison.
Ex- Sodium nitrate convert Feᐩᐩ to Feᐩᐩᐩ in the order to bind cyanide ions with Feᐩᐩ hemoglobin, Feᐩᐩᐩ methaemoglobin .

Mechanical antidotes-;

★ These agents prevent absorption of poison in the body by increasing rate of elimination ( through urine ) or by producing emesis ( vomiting) or adsorb the poison on thin own surface to form inactive complex .

Ex- Diuretic ( urine)
      Cupric sulphate ( emetic) 
      Activated charcoal ( adsorption)

Sodium nitrate-;

Chemical formula- NaNO₂
Molecular weight- 69

Preparation-;
★ It can be prepared by reflexing sodium nitrate with metallic lead , so sodium nitrate reduced to sodium nitrate & water insoluble lead oxide .

NaNO₃    +  Pb     →       NaNO₂    +  PbO
Sodium.                          Sodium
Nitrate                            nitrite

Physical properties- 

1. 
NaNO₂    + HCl    →    NaCl   + HNO₂

2. 
NaNO₂    +   NH₄Cl     →     NH₄NO₂   +   NaCl
                                                     ↓
                                             N₂    +   H₂O

Storage- Stored in air tight container, protected from  moisture.
Uses- Used as antidotes in cyanide poisoning.

Expectorant-;

★ These agents enhances the secretion of sputum from the air passage.
★ It act by increasing the broncheal secretion or making it less viscous.
★ They irritate the lining of stomach which provides stimulus for production of sputum by the gland in the broncheal mucous membrane.
Ex- ammonium chloride, glyceryl guaiacol ate, Potassium iodide & hydroiodic acid  syrup. 

Emetics - 
★ These agents produces irritation on GIT muscles or stimulate chemoreceptor triger zone ( C.T.Z.) located in medulla oblangata & produces vomiting.
 ★  Emetics are contraindicated in patients suffering from shock ,CNS depression,heart  disease & pregnancy.
★ It is also mixed with expectorant to expel the cough.

Ammonium chloride-;

Chemical formula- NH₄Cl
Molecular weight- 53.49

Preparation —It is prepared by neutralising HCl acid with ammonia. After Neutralization solution is evaporated to dryness.

NH₃ +  HCl    →    NH₄Cl

Physical properties—
★ It is colourless,white crystalline powder.
★ It is odourless & saliva in taste.
★ Soluble in 2.7 parts of H₂O & in 100 parts of alcohol at 20°C.

Purity test -;
1. For Barium—              0.5gm NH₄Cl
                                                     ↓
              Dissolved 10ml H₂O + 1ml dilute H₂SO₄
                                                     ↓
                 No turbidity produced within 2hrs.   
                                 
2. For thiocynate— 
Acidify 10ml 10% w/v with  HCl + few drops of ferric acid   → No red colour

Assay-;
Assayed by acid - base titration. The neutral formaldehyde solution is added to so that ammonium chloride solution will be converted into hexamine & HCl .
The librated acid is titrated with 0.1N NaOH using phenolphthalein indicator.

Each ml of 0.1N NaOH = 0.05349gm of NH₄Cl 

Storage- Stored in air tight container and protected from moisture .

Uses- used as expectorant, diuretic in lead poising & also in treatment of urinary infection.

Dose= 300mg to 1 gm as expectorant

Potassium iodide-

Chemical formula- KI
Molecular weight- 166

Preparation- 
★ It is prepared by treating a hot aqueous potassium hydroxide solution with iodine , a mixture of potassium iodide & potassium iodate is formed.

6KOH    +   3I₂       →      5KI    +  KIO₃   + 3H₂O   

Physical properties-
★ It is odourless, colourless crystals.
★ soluble in H₂O   & glycerine.

Purity test—
a. Cyanide-;
Dissolve 0.5gm in hot water + drop of ferrous sulphate solution & 0.5ml of sodium hydroxide & acidify with HCl  → No blue colour produce.


  b. Iodate -; 
2 drops of dilute H₂SO₄ + 0.5gm sample in water  & a drops of starch Solution→ No blue colour is produced.

Storage - Stored in air tight container and protected from light.

      

                  Thankyou















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