Pharmaceutical analysis ||. Acid base titration

-

  ✯Acid base titration✯

✷  It is a quantitative analysis of acid and base through this process, an acid or base of know concentration neutralizes an acid or base of  unknown concentration.

✷ The titration process can be monitored by visual indication, pH electrode or both.
Equivalence point indicate the exactly neutralized acid base concentration.

◍Equivalence point ;

• It's the point at which the titrant has exactly neutralized the mi acid or base in the unknown analyte.

Types of Acid-base Titrations;

1. Titration of strong acid -strong base 
2. Titration of weak acid - strong base 
3. Titration of strong acid- weak base
4. Titrations of weak acid - weak base

1. Titrations of strong acid-strong base;

• In this type of Titrations analyte is HCl ( strong acid ) and titrant NaOH ( strong base)

• In a strong acid base Titrations the acid and base will react to form neutral solution.

•At the equivalence point hydronium and hydroxy ions will react to form H2O.

• leading to a pH of 7 .

• This is true of all strong acid and strong base Titration.

HCl   +    NaOH     →    NaCl     +      H2O


2. Titrations of weak acid - strong base;

• In the titration analyte is CH3COOH ( weak acid ) and the titrant is NaOH (strong base).

















CH3COOH + NaOH.   →.  CH3COONa + H2O

3. Titration of  a strong acid - weak base ;

• In this Titration analyte is HCl ( strong acid) and the titrant is ammonia NH3 (weak base)

• Acid - base react to form an acidic solution this result in a solution with a pH lower than 7.










4. Titration of weak acid - weak base;

• titrant is acetic acid and analyte is ammonia.
        
•  In this Titration acid - base are equally weak equivalence point is approximately pH 7.












✯ Neutralization curve ;

• A plot of pH against the volume of titrant used/ added (ml) known as neutralization curve or titration curve.
• This neutralization curve used to determine—
Equivalence point of acid base. 
             

1. Titration of strong acid with strong base;



Point 1—& Indicate No NaOH added yet pH of analyte is low. 

Point 2— This is the pH before Neutralization.

Point — This is equivalence point at this point moles of NaOH = moles of HCl.

Point 4— Addition of NaOH , pH start bewming basic between HCl has been completely neutralized. 

Running acid into the alkaline - 



2. Titration of weak acid with a strong base —

(Running alkali into acid )




Point 1— No NaOH added

Point 2 — pH just before Neutralization.

Point 3_— Equivalence point moles of NaOH = of CH3COOH.

Point 4— Beyond equivalence.

( Running acid into alkali)



3. Titration of a strong acid with weak base ;

( Running alkali into acid)

Analyte= HCl
Titrant = NH3 








Point 1— No NH3 added yet .

Point 2— pH just before Neutralization.

Point 3— Equivalence moles of NH3 = moles of HCl .

Point 4 — Beyond equivalence.

(Running acid into alkali)



4. Titration of weak acid with weak base .

(Running acid into alkali) 

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Pharmaceutical engineering || Manometer

-
Image
        ★ Manometer★ • It is a device of instrument which is Used to measure pressure difference. Types of manometer- 1. Simple manometer a. U tube manometer b. Piezometer c. Single column manometer 2. Differential manometer a. U tube differential manometer b. Inverted U-tube differential manometer Simple manometer-; Simple manometer are made up glass tubes one end of those remain open to the atmosphere and the other hand are collected to the point were pressure to be measure. Principle-; • It were one of the principle of hydrostatic equilibrium and is used for measuring pressure ( static pressure). • Exceded by a stil liquid or gas hydrostatic equilibrium state that the pressure at any point in a fluid at rest is equal and it's value is just the weight of the over living Fluids. • The manometer is the simplest instrument for gauge pressure low range pressure instrument alaning the pressure against the weight of a coloum In liquid. • The action of are manometer depen...
Read more

B.pharma 1st semester Notes pharmaceutical analysis unit - 4th- Redox Titrations

-
Image
          //  Redox Titrations \\ • A Redox titration is a type of titration in which titrant and titrand react through and oxidation reduction reaction. • The end point of a Redox titration is detected by using indicators. Principles of Redox titration; Reduction—  • The subtances  can undergo reduction by followin. • The addition of hydrogen. •The removal of oxygen. • The acceptance of electrons. Example- fe³+→fe ²+  Oxidation— • Addition of oxygen. • Removal of hydrogen. • Loss/ donation of electrons. Example- fe²+ → fe³+ Oxidising agents;  •An oxidising agent is a chemical species that causes that other reactant in a redox reaction to be oxidized, and it is always reduced in the process. Example- Ag + , O², O³
Read more

Diabetes mellitus short notes -

-
               ;Diabetes mellitus; • Carbohydrate body turns it into a sugar called glucose and sends that to your bloodstream. • pancreas release insuline  Type 1 diabetes; • It's an autoimmune disease. • 10 % of people who have diabetes have type 1. • It was once better known as" Juvenile" diabetes • It is also called insulin dependent diabetes. Type 2 diabetes; • 95% of people have type 2 diabetes.   Symptoms of diabetes; • Increase thirst  • Weak, tired feeling. • Blurred vision . • Number or tingling in the hand or feet. • slow - healing sores or cuts. • unplanned weight loss. • Frequent urination. • Frequent unexplained infection. • Dry mouth  Treatment; • Diuretic • Drugs that ↑ insulin production. • Drugs that ↑ sugar absorption. • Nutritional & meal time. • Exercise, reduced stress. • Quit smoke& alcohol.
Read more