B.pharm Important topic

                  / Unit 1st -HAP-1 / Introduction of human body- Definition-          Human body, the physical substance of the human organism , composed of living cells and extracellular material and organized into tissue ,organ , and system.           Human anatomy and physiology are treated many different article. for detailed discussion of specific tissues , organs and system see;  human blood ; cardiovascular system, digestive system, human endocrine system, renal system ,skin human muscle system, nervous system, reproductive system ,refinery action sensory reception skeletal system description of low the body develop from conception through old.           Bodies biochemical constituent protein, carbohydrate, liquid ,nucleic acid ,vitamin and hormone. for information on the structure and function of the cell that constitutes the body.       ...

          - Hand writing notes respiratory system-

      -Nervous system disorder- Chronic neurological disorder; Seizure; Causes; 1. High fever. 2. Stress  3. Depression 4. Loss of sleep 5. Bright light , flashing length  6. Lack of O2  to brain (stroke) 7. Brain tumar / cysts 8. Head injury / truma 9. Very low blood sugar  10. Alcohol Symptoms; 1. Focal / partial seizures 2. Generally patient Epilepsy; • It's is chronic neurological disorder that cause improve recurrent seizure. • Seizure is sudden rush of electrical activity in the brain. Myield seizure- • Difficult to recornized it can lost during few seconds. Strong seizure; • Spasm and uncontrollable muscle twitching. • Seizure lost in few minutes to few seconds patient become confused of loss of consianus patient have no memory of what happened. •Epilepsy can develop more common in young children or older adult .sightly more in males than female. • there is no any pure of epilepsy disorder manage by medicines. Symptoms; 1. Focal/ patient 2. Pati...

                - Nucleic acid • Nucleic acid is an important class of macromolecules found in all cells and viruses.  The function of Nucleic acid -"the storage and expression of genetic information". Nucleic acid is information carrying- molecules of the cell, Nucleic acid, naturally Occurring- chemical compound. • that is capable of being broken down to yield  phosphoric acid sugar and a mixture of organic bases (purine and pyrimidine). The two main classes of nucleic acid; 1. DNA( Deoxyribonucleic acid) 2. RNA( Ribonucleic acid    Basic structure; • Nucleic acid a polynucleotide that is long chain like molecule composed of a series of nearly identical building blocks called nucleotide. • nucleotide consists of pentose (5 carbon) sugar phosphate group possible nitrogen containing bases adenine, guanine ,cytosine,  thymine and Uracil. •Adenine and guanine are categorised are purines •Cytosine thymine and uracil are colle...

               ;Diabetes mellitus; • Carbohydrate body turns it into a sugar called glucose and sends that to your bloodstream. • pancreas release insuline  Type 1 diabetes; • It's an autoimmune disease. • 10 % of people who have diabetes have type 1. • It was once better known as" Juvenile" diabetes • It is also called insulin dependent diabetes. Type 2 diabetes; • 95% of people have type 2 diabetes.   Symptoms of diabetes; • Increase thirst  • Weak, tired feeling. • Blurred vision . • Number or tingling in the hand or feet. • slow - healing sores or cuts. • unplanned weight loss. • Frequent urination. • Frequent unexplained infection. • Dry mouth  Treatment; • Diuretic • Drugs that ↑ insulin production. • Drugs that ↑ sugar absorption. • Nutritional & meal time. • Exercise, reduced stress. • Quit smoke& alcohol.

            -  Inflammation -  Introduction; • its immune system response to harmful stimuli such as pathogens , damaged cells toxic compound or irradiation and acts by removing injurious stimuli initiating the healing process . •  It's defense mechanism for body.                         Or Inflammation infection from outside invaders such as bacteria and viruss. Two type of inflammation; 1. Acute inflammation 2. Chronic inflammation  1.Acute inflammation; • the acute inflammation have injury or illness . • there are 5 key sign of acute inflammation. 1. Pain;  this may occurs only when a person touch the affected area . 2. Redness; increase in blood supply to the capillaries in the area . 3. Loss of function; there may be difficulty in moving to joints sensing smell. 4. Edema; If fluid accumulated in area edema caused. 5. Heat; Increased blood flow to affected area leads t...

             {Lipid Metabolism} CAT-1st—Carnitine acyl transferase-1st CPT-1st — carnitine palmitoyl transferase -1st Introduction-  • A flavoprotein containing acyl CoA dehydrogenase removes two hydrogen atoms from the alpha and ẞ - position of the fattyacyl CoA and convert it to alpha , ß unsaturated fatty acyl CoA also called enoyl CoA. SIDS- "Sudden Infant Death Syndrome" also called as Reye's syndrome. • A saturated fatty acid , such as palmitic acid ( C15H31COOH). • When a molecule of palmitic acid is completely oxidised 129 ATP are produced. Regulation of fatty acid oxidation: •fatty acid oxidation regulated by hormone sensitive lipase . Metabolic effects of acetyl coenzyme; •Acetyl coenzyme is used in the krebs cycle. •Acetyl coenzyme is also a precursor of cholesterol. •it is also used in the synthesis of ketone bodies in the liver. Formation and utilisation of ketone bodies; •In a normal human being their concentration is less than 3 mg ...

         ETC and it's mechanism Introduction: It's on Exergonic chain system of molecules through which electron are transferred to form ATP   .  The second step of cellular respiration, the citric acid cycle occurs in the cytoplasm followed by the 1st step of cellular respiration is glycolysis, which occurs in the cytoplasm followed by the mitochondrial matrix and ETC  is the final step of aerobic cellular respiration which uses atmospheric oxygen . It has an important role in photosynthesis.it uses the electron from electron carriers and is used to power oxidative phosphorylation. This chain includes a series of protein complexes and organic molecules most of them are organised into four large complexes labelled 1 to 4th . Mechanism: Various metabolic intermediate are transferred to NAD* and FAD coenzyme to produce NADH and FADH² respectively, because all the electron that enter water mitochondria are known as power house of the cell. ...

               Biochemistry- MCQ 1.Which of the following is common compound shared by TCA cycle and urea? Ans- funarate 2. There are about types of specialized cells in human body. Ans- 250 3. A eukaryotic cell is generally 10-100 micromtr. In diameter? 4. The cellular matrix is collectively referred to as? Ans-Cytosol 5.monosaccharides in based on which of the following functional group? Ans- ketoses 6. The carbohydrates hat is taken as a reference for writing the configuration of others? Ans- Glyceraldehyde 7. If the monosacharides differ in configuration around a singal carbon atom they are known as ? Ans- epimers 8. The non- carbohydrates moiety found in glycosides is known as ? Ans-Algycone 9. Citrate synthase is inhibited by. Ans-ATP and Acetyl CoA 10. TCA cycle is actively involved in. Ans-Gluconeogenesis                                       ...