B.pharm Important topic

Inflammation -;  ★  It is immune system response to harmful stimuli . Such as - pathogens, damaged cells , toxic compounds, or irradiation and acts by removing injurious stimuli & initiating the healing process. ★ It is defense mechanism for body. ★  Inflammation infection from outside invaders such as bacteria & viruses. Two types of inflammation—  A. Acute   B. Chronic Acute Inflammation-;  ★ The acute inflammation have injury or illness. ★  There are five key sign of acute inflammation. 1. Pain -; ★ This may occur only when a person touch the affected area . 2. Redness-; ★ An increase in blood supply to the cappilaries in the area. 3. Loss of function-; ★ There may be difficulty in moving to joints, sensing smell. 4. Edema -;  ★ If fluid accumulated in area edema caused. 5. Heat -;  ★ Increased blood flow to affected area leads to increased temperature & warm to touch. ◍ person feel tired , unwell and fever. ◍ Acute inflammatio...

        ★ Manometer★ • It is a device of instrument which is Used to measure pressure difference. Types of manometer- 1. Simple manometer a. U tube manometer b. Piezometer c. Single column manometer 2. Differential manometer a. U tube differential manometer b. Inverted U-tube differential manometer Simple manometer-; Simple manometer are made up glass tubes one end of those remain open to the atmosphere and the other hand are collected to the point were pressure to be measure. Principle-; • It were one of the principle of hydrostatic equilibrium and is used for measuring pressure ( static pressure). • Exceded by a stil liquid or gas hydrostatic equilibrium state that the pressure at any point in a fluid at rest is equal and it's value is just the weight of the over living Fluids. • The manometer is the simplest instrument for gauge pressure low range pressure instrument alaning the pressure against the weight of a coloum In liquid. • The action of are manometer depen...

   (Biomolecules, carbohydrates) Biomolecules-; ★ Biomolecules are the most essential organic molecules '' which are involve the maintain metabolism process are living organisms ". In a simplified with the biomolecules are those molecules which are present in the living system It is the basic unit of living system in a cell.         Cell composed of ( various molecules)  1. Organic.                            2. Inorganic Consist of.                    Composed of essential C, H, N , O ,S                 Mineral and vitamins • Carbohydrates        Ex- Ca , Mg , Fe , I , K, Cu,  • protein.                              Mn , Zn etc. • Lipid/ fat.             Vi...

          Flow of fluids ★ May be definds as it is behaviour of fluids (liquid, gas). Which flow in open condition that do not permanently resist destortion. Manometer-; ★ It is a device of instrument which is used to measure pressure difference. Types of manometer-  (1.) Simple manometer (a.) U tube manometer (b.) Piezometer (c.) Single column manometer •     Verticle single column manometer •      Inclined single column manometer (2.) Differential manometer (a.) U tube differential manometer (b.) Inverted U- tube differential manometer Simple manometer-; Simple manometer are made up glass tubes . One end of those remain open to the atmosphere and the other hand are collected to the point were pressure to be measure. Principle-; ★ It were one of the principle of hydrostatic equilibrium and is used for measuring pressure ( static pressure).  ★ Exceded by a stil liquid or gas , hydrostatic equilibrium state that the pressur...

      ✯Acid and base✯ Acid - Greek word "Acere"  → Sour ★ It produced hydrogen ion in water. ★ Have a sour taste. ★ It breakdown metals , crod metal . ★ It is pH value less than 7 . ★ It turns blue litmus paper to red in colour. ★ It deserve in water to form solution which conduct electricity. ★ It is reaction with bases to for salts and water. ★ Lower pH value indicate a stronger acid . Example — Hydrochloric acid, Sulphuric acid, acetic acid, citric acid etc. Bases-; ★ It produces OH¯ in water. ★ It is bitter in taste. ★ It feel soapy in touch, sleepery. ★ It react with acids to for salt and water. ★ It pH value is 7 to 14. ★ Hayer pH value indicate stronger base. ★ Alkali a base that is soluble in water. Example- NaOH  , KOH , MgOH , Ca(OH)₂ Acid-base indicator-; Acid base indicator in a compound that will change colour in the presion of acids and bases  Litmus paper— Litmus is a plant extract that can be blue or red ( pink) . Litmus turns red in acidic ...

Calcium carbonate -; Chemical formula- CaCO₃ Molecular weight - 100.09 Synonyms - cacl cord , Precipitated chalk. Preparation-; 1. When boiling solution of sodium carbonate is added with CaCl₂ then ppt. of CaCO₃ is formed the ppt is washed filtered & dried. Na₂CO₃   +    CaCl₂     →     2NaCl     +    CaCO₃ ( Sodium                                                   ( Calcium  Carbonate)                                              carbonate) 2. Carbon dioxide gas passes through lime water , a mainly ppt. of CaCO₃ formed. CO₂     +     Ca(OH)₂      →  CaCO₃    + H ₂O           ...

    ✯Dental products✯ The poor dental health is a very common problem in our countries  it is due to ignorance, illiteracy & habits of chewing betel leaf, tobacco & pan masala. Tooth consist of three layer of calcified tissues. 1. Enamel— It is a white outer most ,hard covering present on the tooth projecting above the gum . It contains 98% of mineral & is very dense. 2.Cementum—  It is the portion of tooth which is fixed in the gums & are not seen from out sides . It's a bone like structure. 3. Dentine — It is the main pulp cavity present in entire tooth . It consists 75% mineral. It is hard and dense . The common problem associated with tooth are the formation of cavities, cleaning of tooth & reduction of shining over tooth . These problem are over come by use of anticarries agents dentifrices & polishing agen t. Components of tooth paste-; 1. Abrasive ( remove stain)  2. Humectant 3. Water 4. Binder , detergents 5. Flavouring and prese...

Radio pharmaceuticals ★  Radio pharmaceutical are a group of pharmaceutical drugs which have radioactivity it can be used as diagnostic & therapeutic agents.                                     Or ★   Radio pharmaceutical are medicinal formulation containing radioisotope which are Used in clinical areas for diagnosis therapy. ★ The production of radioactive substance involves bombardment of atomic nuclei with sub atomic particles to produces unstable nuclei of some elements. ★ These unstable atoms have some physical & chemical properties as that of parent atom differ in rate of chemical reactions.

       ✯Suppositories✯ ★ A unit solid dosage form of medicament meant for insertion into body cavity other than mouth is known as suppositories. ★ It can be inserted into rectum ( rectal suppositories)  vagina ( vaginal  suppositories) , urethra ( urethral suppositories). ★ It dissolve or melt at body temperature. ★ After melting or dissolution it produces systemic and local effect. ★ The medicament is incorporated into the suppositories bases. ★ Suppositories are available in a variety of shapes , sizes and weight.

       ✯ Prescription ✯ ★ The prescription   is one of the most important therapeutic transaction between physician and patient. ★  Prescription is a written order from a registered medical practical to pharmacist for patient. ★ The prescription also include the direction for the patient regarding the more of administration of drugs. ★ Prescription means an order to take medicine. Prescription are made for three categories of drugs-; 1. Over the counter drugs (OTC) -; ★ Drugs which can be despenced to patient without the prescription. Example-; Paracetamol tablet, vicks 2. Prescription and legend drugs-; ★ The drugs which may not be dispensed by a pharmacist to patient without prescription. Example-; Sleeping pils( Alphrazolm) , CNS etc 3. Controlled drugs -;  ★ Along with prescription these drugs , require Additional safe good for storage, both the state and federal government agencies genrate regulation regarding these drugs . Parts of prescription-;...

           ✯Titration✯  "  Titration is a technique used in analytical chemistry to determine concentration of unknown solution by using solution of known concentration. " ★ solution of known concentration is known as titrant. ★ Solution of unknown concentration is known as analyte or titrand. Precipitation titration-; • ppt titration is a type of titration which involves the formation of pricipital during the titration techniques . • In ppt titration titrant react with analyte and forms an insoluble substance called precipitate It continuous fill the last amount of analyte is consumed. It is used to determine chloride by using silver ions.    Types / method 1. Volhard's method-; • This method was 1st given by German chemist"  Jawb Volhard's " in 1874. • This method involves the determination of halides ( F, Cl,Br and I) ions , anions like phosphate chromate in acidic medium by using silver ions. • In this method 1st analyte ( Cl ) ...

☞Gravimetric analysis☜ Principle and basic Steps-;  ★ Gravimetric analysis is based on conversion of ions , or elements into a pure & stable compound after a precipitation reaction. ★ Formed precipitation can be directly weighed & quantity. Example-;  BaClշ    +     HշSo４     →      BaSo４    +   2HCl Analyte.      Precipitating.     Precipitate                          Agent ★ Analyte solution will be taken. ★ Analyte will be precipitated by using suitable precipitation agent. ★ Precipitate will be pure & stable compound. ★ Precipitated compound will be filtered, dried & weighed. % of analyte= wt of precipitate × gravimetric factor × 100 / wt. Of sample Gravimetric factor = atomic mass of Ba๋ ๋๋ /atomic mass of BaSO4 Limitations of precipitation-; ★ Precipitated compound must be converted ...