B.pharm Important topic

        ★ Manometer★ • It is a device of instrument which is Used to measure pressure difference. Types of manometer- 1. Simple manometer a. U tube manometer b. Piezometer c. Single column manometer 2. Differential manometer a. U tube differential manometer b. Inverted U-tube differential manometer Simple manometer-; Simple manometer are made up glass tubes one end of those remain open to the atmosphere and the other hand are collected to the point were pressure to be measure. Principle-; • It were one of the principle of hydrostatic equilibrium and is used for measuring pressure ( static pressure). • Exceded by a stil liquid or gas hydrostatic equilibrium state that the pressure at any point in a fluid at rest is equal and it's value is just the weight of the over living Fluids. • The manometer is the simplest instrument for gauge pressure low range pressure instrument alaning the pressure against the weight of a coloum In liquid. • The action of are manometer depen...

   (Biomolecules, carbohydrates) Biomolecules-; ★ Biomolecules are the most essential organic molecules '' which are involve the maintain metabolism process are living organisms ". In a simplified with the biomolecules are those molecules which are present in the living system It is the basic unit of living system in a cell.         Cell composed of ( various molecules)  1. Organic.                            2. Inorganic Consist of.                    Composed of essential C, H, N , O ,S                 Mineral and vitamins • Carbohydrates        Ex- Ca , Mg , Fe , I , K, Cu,  • protein.                              Mn , Zn etc. • Lipid/ fat.             Vi...

          Flow of fluids ★ May be definds as it is behaviour of fluids (liquid, gas). Which flow in open condition that do not permanently resist destortion. Manometer-; ★ It is a device of instrument which is used to measure pressure difference. Types of manometer-  (1.) Simple manometer (a.) U tube manometer (b.) Piezometer (c.) Single column manometer •     Verticle single column manometer •      Inclined single column manometer (2.) Differential manometer (a.) U tube differential manometer (b.) Inverted U- tube differential manometer Simple manometer-; Simple manometer are made up glass tubes . One end of those remain open to the atmosphere and the other hand are collected to the point were pressure to be measure. Principle-; ★ It were one of the principle of hydrostatic equilibrium and is used for measuring pressure ( static pressure).  ★ Exceded by a stil liquid or gas , hydrostatic equilibrium state that the pressur...

      ✯Acid and base✯ Acid - Greek word "Acere"  → Sour ★ It produced hydrogen ion in water. ★ Have a sour taste. ★ It breakdown metals , crod metal . ★ It is pH value less than 7 . ★ It turns blue litmus paper to red in colour. ★ It deserve in water to form solution which conduct electricity. ★ It is reaction with bases to for salts and water. ★ Lower pH value indicate a stronger acid . Example — Hydrochloric acid, Sulphuric acid, acetic acid, citric acid etc. Bases-; ★ It produces OH¯ in water. ★ It is bitter in taste. ★ It feel soapy in touch, sleepery. ★ It react with acids to for salt and water. ★ It pH value is 7 to 14. ★ Hayer pH value indicate stronger base. ★ Alkali a base that is soluble in water. Example- NaOH  , KOH , MgOH , Ca(OH)₂ Acid-base indicator-; Acid base indicator in a compound that will change colour in the presion of acids and bases  Litmus paper— Litmus is a plant extract that can be blue or red ( pink) . Litmus turns red in acidic ...

Calcium carbonate -; Chemical formula- CaCO₃ Molecular weight - 100.09 Synonyms - cacl cord , Precipitated chalk. Preparation-; 1. When boiling solution of sodium carbonate is added with CaCl₂ then ppt. of CaCO₃ is formed the ppt is washed filtered & dried. Na₂CO₃   +    CaCl₂     →     2NaCl     +    CaCO₃ ( Sodium                                                   ( Calcium  Carbonate)                                              carbonate) 2. Carbon dioxide gas passes through lime water , a mainly ppt. of CaCO₃ formed. CO₂     +     Ca(OH)₂      →  CaCO₃    + H ₂O           ...

    ✯Dental products✯ The poor dental health is a very common problem in our countries  it is due to ignorance, illiteracy & habits of chewing betel leaf, tobacco & pan masala. Tooth consist of three layer of calcified tissues. 1. Enamel— It is a white outer most ,hard covering present on the tooth projecting above the gum . It contains 98% of mineral & is very dense. 2.Cementum—  It is the portion of tooth which is fixed in the gums & are not seen from out sides . It's a bone like structure. 3. Dentine — It is the main pulp cavity present in entire tooth . It consists 75% mineral. It is hard and dense . The common problem associated with tooth are the formation of cavities, cleaning of tooth & reduction of shining over tooth . These problem are over come by use of anticarries agents dentifrices & polishing agen t. Components of tooth paste-; 1. Abrasive ( remove stain)  2. Humectant 3. Water 4. Binder , detergents 5. Flavouring and prese...