B.pharm Important topic

   (Biomolecules, carbohydrates) Biomolecules-; ★ Biomolecules are the most essential organic molecules '' which are involve the maintain metabolism process are living organisms ". In a simplified with the biomolecules are those molecules which are present in the living system It is the basic unit of living system in a cell.         Cell composed of ( various molecules)  1. Organic.                            2. Inorganic Consist of.                    Composed of essential C, H, N , O ,S                 Mineral and vitamins • Carbohydrates        Ex- Ca , Mg , Fe , I , K, Cu,  • protein.                              Mn , Zn etc. • Lipid/ fat.             Vi...

          Flow of fluids ★ May be definds as it is behaviour of fluids (liquid, gas). Which flow in open condition that do not permanently resist destortion. Manometer-; ★ It is a device of instrument which is used to measure pressure difference. Types of manometer-  (1.) Simple manometer (a.) U tube manometer (b.) Piezometer (c.) Single column manometer •     Verticle single column manometer •      Inclined single column manometer (2.) Differential manometer (a.) U tube differential manometer (b.) Inverted U- tube differential manometer Simple manometer-; Simple manometer are made up glass tubes . One end of those remain open to the atmosphere and the other hand are collected to the point were pressure to be measure. Principle-; ★ It were one of the principle of hydrostatic equilibrium and is used for measuring pressure ( static pressure).  ★ Exceded by a stil liquid or gas , hydrostatic equilibrium state that the pressur...

      ✯Acid and base✯ Acid - Greek word "Acere"  → Sour ★ It produced hydrogen ion in water. ★ Have a sour taste. ★ It breakdown metals , crod metal . ★ It is pH value less than 7 . ★ It turns blue litmus paper to red in colour. ★ It deserve in water to form solution which conduct electricity. ★ It is reaction with bases to for salts and water. ★ Lower pH value indicate a stronger acid . Example — Hydrochloric acid, Sulphuric acid, acetic acid, citric acid etc. Bases-; ★ It produces OH¯ in water. ★ It is bitter in taste. ★ It feel soapy in touch, sleepery. ★ It react with acids to for salt and water. ★ It pH value is 7 to 14. ★ Hayer pH value indicate stronger base. ★ Alkali a base that is soluble in water. Example- NaOH  , KOH , MgOH , Ca(OH)₂ Acid-base indicator-; Acid base indicator in a compound that will change colour in the presion of acids and bases  Litmus paper— Litmus is a plant extract that can be blue or red ( pink) . Litmus turns red in acidic ...

Calcium carbonate -; Chemical formula- CaCO₃ Molecular weight - 100.09 Synonyms - cacl cord , Precipitated chalk. Preparation-; 1. When boiling solution of sodium carbonate is added with CaCl₂ then ppt. of CaCO₃ is formed the ppt is washed filtered & dried. Na₂CO₃   +    CaCl₂     →     2NaCl     +    CaCO₃ ( Sodium                                                   ( Calcium  Carbonate)                                              carbonate) 2. Carbon dioxide gas passes through lime water , a mainly ppt. of CaCO₃ formed. CO₂     +     Ca(OH)₂      →  CaCO₃    + H ₂O           ...

    ✯Dental products✯ The poor dental health is a very common problem in our countries  it is due to ignorance, illiteracy & habits of chewing betel leaf, tobacco & pan masala. Tooth consist of three layer of calcified tissues. 1. Enamel— It is a white outer most ,hard covering present on the tooth projecting above the gum . It contains 98% of mineral & is very dense. 2.Cementum—  It is the portion of tooth which is fixed in the gums & are not seen from out sides . It's a bone like structure. 3. Dentine — It is the main pulp cavity present in entire tooth . It consists 75% mineral. It is hard and dense . The common problem associated with tooth are the formation of cavities, cleaning of tooth & reduction of shining over tooth . These problem are over come by use of anticarries agents dentifrices & polishing agen t. Components of tooth paste-; 1. Abrasive ( remove stain)  2. Humectant 3. Water 4. Binder , detergents 5. Flavouring and prese...