B.pharm Important topic

   ✯Complexometric titration✯ Methodology -; • Titration of 0.1 NaCl by using 0.1N AgNOვ in the presence of indicator . ( 5 % solution) in conical flask. • At the end point reddish brown ppt. Is obtained. • Reading is taken from burette & calculate the concerntration of unknown sample.  Application of precipitation titration-; • It is used for halide ion solution. • It is used to measure salt content in food beverage & water.    Complexometric titration-; • Those volumetric titration or analysis in which the end point is indicated by a coloured complex are known as complexometric titration. • It is known as chelatometry. In this type of titration on indicator is used which is capable of producing clear colour in titration which indicates end point of the titration.

    ✯Conductometry✯  • Conductometry is based on the principle of determination of change in conductivity. • Change in the conductance is due to replacement of ions with each other. • Ionic conductivity is different for different ions. Conductance-;  • Flow of electricity through electrolyte solution Due to migration a ions by applying potential differences between two electrode. Electrode -;  a. Anode ( positively charge , attract anions negative ions) b. Cathode ( negatively charge attract, cation i.e. + ve ions) It is indicated by G.                        G= 1/R Specific conductance-; • It is reciprocal of specific resistance.                 R ∝ l/ a               R= ρ×l/a  ( If l= 1m & a= 1m²)---- eq- 1                R= ρ→ specific resistance Equivalence conductance-; • The ...

Non-aqueous titration Introduction-;  Most of the Titration are performed in the aqueous media means water is used as solvent. There may be difficulty if reactant is insoluble in water, or reactant is reactive with water or the analyte is either too weak acid or base. " Non - aqueous titration refers to a type of titration in which the analyte substance is dissolved in a solvent which does not contain water" . Types of solvent-; The solvent are classified into 4 groups— 1. Protogenic solvent 2. Protophillic solvent 3. Amphoteric solvent 4. Aprotic solvent 1. Protogenic solvent-; • These are acidic solvent which readily do not proton and are used to enhance the basicity of weak base . Example- Sulphuric acid, acetic acid, formic acid etc. 2.Protophillic solvent-; • These solvent are basic in nature , possessing a high affinity for proton , these enhances the acidity of weak acids. Example- Ammonia, pyridine etc . 3. Amphoteric solvent-; • These solvent have properties which ar...

          ✯Limit test✯ • Limit test for heavy metal can be performed by following methods— (1.) Method A-;  • This method use for the substance which gives clear colourless solution under specific conditions. Principle-; • Limit test of heavy metal is based on the reaction of metallic impurities with hydrogen sulphide in acidic medium to form heavy metal sulphide which is brownish colour solution. • Metals that response to this test are lead , mercury, silver , bismuth , tin, cadmium, copper and molybdenum. Procedure-; • Preparation of test sample and standard sample. Observation-; • The colour produce in sample solution should not be greater than standard solution of colour produced in sample is less than the standard sample solution pass the limit test for heavy metal. 2. Method B -; • Use for the substance which do not give clear colourless solution under specific condition. Procedure-; Now in both Nesslar cylinder add 10 ml freshly prepared H2S and stan...

 ✯Unit - 1st✯  Method of expressing concerntration; 1. Normality (N) ;  • Normality is described as the number of gram or moles equivalent of solute present in one ltr. Of a solution. When we say equivalent, it is the number of moles of reactive units in a compound. Where is,  N= Normality WB = weight of solute Gewb = gram equivalent weight of solute. Vs = volume of solution 2. Molarity;  • Molarity is the amount of a substance in a certain volume of solution, molarity is defined as the moles of a solute per ltr. Of a solution. M= Molarity Gmmb = gram molecules mass of solute